الظرف و الصفة .
Adjective & adverbs .

كثيرا ما يسأل عن الفرق بين الصفة و الظرف و كيفية الاستخدام السليم لهما و فى هذا الدرس إن شاء الله نتناول سنتعلم ماهى الصفة و الظرف و كيفية استخدامهما الاستخدام الصحيح مع عرض باور بوينت و تمرينات و إن شاء الله لن تخطئوا بعدها أبدا و

قد آثرت أن يكون الشرح بالإنجليزية و العربية للمتقدمين و المبتدئين على حد سواء فأجو من المتقدمين عند مراجعتهم للدرس أن يقرؤه بالإنجليزية ، و يبقى لى طلب عندكم هو الدعاء لى بالرحمة و المغفرة . أأسف أنى قد أطلت عليكم و الآن إلى الدرس .
1. Adjectives modify nouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
.

الصفات هى كلمات تصف الأسماء و تأتى قبلها ، بينما الظروف هى كلمات تصف الأفعال أو الصفات أو حتى بعض الظروف الأخرى .
You can recognize adverbs easily because many of them are formed by adding -ly to an adjective.

و يمكنك التعرف على الظروف بسهولة لأن معظمها عادة ما ينتهى بــ ly
Study the following carefully :


Adverbs can't modify nouns, as you can see from the following incorrect sentences. On the other hand, it's sometimes easy to make the mistake of using an adjective to modify a verb, as the incorrect sentences below show
.
لا يمكن للظروف أن تصف الأسماء كما لا يمكن أيضا للصفات أن تصف الأفعال .
ادرس المثالين الآتيين :


2. An adjective always follows a form of the verb to be when it modifies the noun before the verb.

لعلك لاحظت فى الأمثلة السابقة ان الصفة تأتى قبل الاسم الذى تصفه و لكنها مع V to be أو صوره المختلفة فإنها تأتى بعده لا حظ ما يأتى .


3. Likewise, an adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of appearance -- feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and seem -- when it modifies the noun before the verb.
و على نفس الشاكلة فإن الصفات تأتى بعد أفعال الحواس الخمسة و أفعال المظهر ( التى تعبر عن المظهر بصفة عامة مثل feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and seem و ذلك حينما تصف الاسم الذى قبل الفعل .
لاحظ الأمثلة التالية :

Good or Well?

Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good, but you do well and live well.

ملحوظة هامة بخصوص Good & Well
كلمة good صفة و الظرف منها لا يضاف إليه ly بل هو كلمة well و الذى يعنى بصورة جيدة . [/
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He is a good man.
He speaks well .

فى المثال الأول : كلمة good صفة تصف الاسم و تأتى بعد فعلBE
أما المثال الثانى Well تصف الفعل و تأتى بعده .

There are some words that are used both as an adverb and as an adjective such as ( hard , late , fast , … )

هناك بعض الكلمات التى تستخدم كظرف و صفة دون تغيير فى بنية الكلمة و يمكن الحكم عليها أنها صفة أو ظرف من خلال الجملة . مثل ( fast , hard , late )

ادرس المثال الآتى بعناية شديدة :
He is a fast man .
He speaks fast .
كلمة fast فى المثال الأول صفة لأنها تصف الاسم و تأتى قبله أما فى المثال الثانى فهى ظرف لأنها ظرف و أتت بعد الفعل .


هذا الدرس إن شاء الله يوضح الفرق بين Make & Do

أولا Do :
تستخدم فى الحالات الآتية :
1- تستخدم Do عادة بمعنى يفعل أو يمارس أو يقوم بعمل .

Use the verb 'do'
to express daily activities or jobs

مثال :
يعمل ( يحل ) الواجب المدرسى do homework
يقوم بأعمال المنزل do housework
يكوى الملابس do the ironing
يغسل الأطباق do the dishes
يؤدي مهمة أو يقوم بعمل do a job

2- تستخدم Do فى عدد من المصطلحات الهامة التالية :

يبذل قصارى جهده do one's best
يبلى بلاء حسنا do good
يؤذى أو يضر do harm
يعمل معروفا فى do a favour
يقوم بالعمل - يؤدى المهمام do business

ثانيا Make : تستخدم Make بمعنى يصنع لتشير إلى أشياء - صنعت - أو لم تكن موجودة من قبل و أحدثها أو أنشأها الفرد
مثال :
Use 'make' to express an activity that creates something that you can touch
.
يطبخ الطعام make food
يصنع قهوة أو شاىmake a cup of tea / coffee
يصنع ضوضاء - فوضى make a mess
فالشخص الناظر إلى الأشياء السابقة يرى أن الفرد لم يمارس نشاطا و إنما أتى بأشياء لم تكن موجودة مسبقا و فعلها .

2- تستخدم Make فى المصطلحات الهامة التالية :

يضع الخطط make plans
يقوم باستثناء - عمل استثنائى make an exception
بضع الترتيبات make arrangements
يجرى مكالمة تليفونية make a telephone call
يتخذ قرارا make a decision
يرتكب خطأ make a mistake
يصنع ضوضاء make noise
يكسب المال make money
يقدم اعتذارا make an excuse
يبذل مجهودا make an effort

الجملة الخبرية الإنجليزية
English Predicative Sentence

هذا الأمر قد يبدو غريبا بعض الشئ على دارى اللغة الإنجليزية و قد فوجئت بهذا الأمر حينما قال لنا أحد أساتذتنا فى الكلية أن هناك فى اللغة الإنجليزية أن هناك ما يسمى بالجملة الخرية فى اللغة الإنجليزية .
و قد بحثت عنها و قد وفقنى الله فى الحصول على الأمر بمحض الصدفة عند بحثى عن معنى مصطلح linking Verb و قد أتيت بشرح لها باللغة العربية و الإنجليزية عل الشرح ينال إعجابكم و تفاعلكم

الجملة الخبرية predicative sentence هى الجملة الإنجليزية التى تتكون من فاعل Subject و أحد الأفعال الرابطة التالية ثم المفعول و يطلق على الفعل الرابط و مابعده الخبر فى اللغة الإنجليزية و فى الجملة الخبرية يكون هناك طرفان الأول هو الفاعل و الآخر هو المفعول و الذى يمثل نوعا من البدل المطابق أو بدل الكل من كل فى اللغة العربية و ما يربط بينهما هو الفعل الرابط - و يلاحظ أن الفعل الرابط يجب أن يكون لازما – لا يحتاج إل فاعل .
A linking verb is a special kind of intransitive verb which connects the subject to a noun , pronoun , or adjective in the predicate .

الأفعال الرابطة – التى تربط بين الفاعل و بين اسم ، ضمير ، أو صفة فى الجملة الخبرية
مثال :
Tom is the captain
.

ما تحته خط هو الجملة الخبرية
توم هو الكابتن
فالطرف الأول هو توم و هو مساوى فى المعنى ل ( الكابتن ) و الفعل is هو الفعل الرابط فكلا الكلمتان ( توم ، الكابتن تعبران عن نفس الشخص ) و يطلق على المفعول فى هذه الحالة _ كلمة captain - مصطلح predicate nominative.

The verb form is connects Tom to the captain : both words stand for the same person . the word captain , coming after the verb and referring back to the subject , is called a predicate nominative.

الفعل to be هو أكثر أنواع الأفعال الرابطة شيوعا و لكن هناك عدد من الأفعال الخرى التالية

The verb to be is the most common
Thinking verb . other familiar ones are : become , feel , get look , seem , smell , taste .

هناك بعض الأفعال التى تستخدم كأفعال رابطة و غير رابطة على حسب نوعها فى الجملة :
فإذا كان الفعل متعديا لم يكن رابطا
و إذا كان لازما يكون الفعل رابطا

Some verbs can be used both as linking verbs and as other kinds of verbs :
The soldiers looked cautious : may be he suspects a trap ( linking )
Crops grow beautifully in this soil . ( in transitive – non-linking verb )
Under the care of her godmother, the princess grew beautiful . ( linking )

on one's toes
منتبه أو متيقظ
*****, cautious
This idiom is usually used with the verbs stay and keep.
It's important for all the players on a soccer team to stay on their toes.
We'd better keep on our toes while we're walking along the dark portions of this street.
to get along
يتقدم فى أمر ما
to make progress; to manage to live in a certain state of health
Juan is getting along very well in his English studies.
How is Mr. Richards getting along after his long illness?
hard of hearing
ذو سمع ثقيل

partially deaf, not able to hear well
You'll have to speak a little louder. Mrs. Evans is hard of hearing.
Please don't shout. I'm not hard of hearing.
Listening to loud music too much can make you hard of hearing.

to see eye to eye

يوافق على امر ما
to agree, to concur
I'm glad that we see eye to eye on the matter of the conference ********.
A husband and wife don't always see eye to eye with each other, but a good marriage can survive small disagreements.
to have in mind
يأخذه فى الاعتبار
to be considering, to be thinking (S)
I don't want to see a movie now. I have in mind going to the park.
It's up to you what we eat tonight. Do you have anything in mind?

to keep in mind
يتذكر
to remember, not to forget (S) (also: to bear in mind)
Please keep in mind that you promised to call Stan around noon.
I didn't know that Paula doesn't like vegetables. We should bear that in mind next time we invite her for dinner.
for once

لمرة واحدة
this one time, for only one time
For once I was able to win a game of golf against Steve, who is a much better player than I am.
Dad, for once would you please let me drive the new car?
to go off

ينفجر
to explode; to sound as an alarm; to leave suddenly without explanation
The accident happened when a box of firecrackers went off accidentally.
For what time did you set the alarm clock to go off tomorrow morning?
Vince went off without saying good-bye to anybody; I hope he wasn't angry.

to grow out of
يكبر أو ينمو جدا
to outgrow, to become too old for; to be a result of
He still bites his nails now and then, but soon he'll grow out of the habit.
The need for the salary committee grew out of worker dissatisfaction with the pay scale.

to make the best of

يبذل قصارى جهده
to do the best that one can in a poor situation
If we can't find a larger apartment soon, we'll just have to make the best of it right here.
Even though the Martinez family is having financial problems, they make the best of everything by enjoying the simple pleasures of life.

to cut off

يقصر شئ ما
to shorten by cutting the ends (S); to disconnect or stop suddenly (S)
The rope was two feet longer than we needed, so we cut off the extra length.
The operator cut our long-distance phone conversation off after two minutes.

to cut out

يبتر – يتخلص من شئ ما بالبتر
to remove by cutting (S); to stop doing something (S) (for the second definition, also: to knock it off)
For the second definition, the idiom is usually separated by the pronoun it.
The child likes to cut out pictures form the newspaper and to paste them in a notebook.
He kept bothering her, so finally she told him to cut it out. However, he wouldn't knock it off until her larger brother appeared.

to blow out

ينفجر
to explode, to go flat (for tires); to extinguish by blowing (S)
On our trip to Colorado, one of the car tires blew out when it hit a large hole in the road.
Little Joey wasn't able to blow all the candles out, so his big sister helped him.

to become of

يحدث
to happen to (a missing object or person)
This idiom is always used in a clause beginning with what.
What has become of my pencil? I had it ten minutes ago, but now I can't find it.
I wondered what became of you. I looked around the shopping center for two hours, but I couldn't find you at all.
to shut up
إخرس – يبقى شئ ما مغلقا لفترة
to close for a period of time (S); to be quiet, to stop talking
The second definition of this idiom is impolite in formal situations.
During the hurricane, all the store owners shut their shops up.
Bob's sister told him to shut up and not say anything more about it.
The student got into big trouble for telling his teacher to shut up.

have got
يمتلك
to have, to possess
Curtis has got a bad cold. He's sneezing and coughing a lot.
How much money have you got with you right now?
have got to
مضطر إلى

must (also: have to)
She has got to go to Chicago today to sign the contract papers.
I have to be back home by two o'clock or my wife will feel ill at ease.

to keep up with

يحافظ على
to maintain the same speed or rate as
Frieda works so fast that no one in the office can keep up with her.
You'll have to walk more slowly. I can't keep up with you.

on the other hand
من جانب آخر

however, in contrast
Democracies provide people many freedoms and privileges. On the other hand, democracies suffer many serious problems such as crime and unemployment.
My sister takes after my father in appearance. On the other hand, I take after my mother.

to turn down
يقلل من لمعان او من علو الصوت
to reduce in brightness or volume (S); to reject, to refuse (S)
Please turn down the radio for me. It's too loud while I'm studying.
Laverne wanted to join the military but the recruiting officer turned her application down because Laverne is hard of hearing in one ear.

fifty-fifty
النصف بالنصف – مناصفة – المقاسمة

divided into two equal parts
Let's go fifty-fifty on the cost of a new rug for our apartment.
The political candidate has a fifty-fifty chance of winning the election.
to break in
يقتحم
gradually to prepare something for use that is new and stiff (S); to interrupt (for the second definition, also: to cut in)
It is best to break a new car in by driving it slowly for the first few hundred miles.
While Carrie and I were talking, Bill broke in to tell me about a telephone call.
Peter, it's very impolite to cut in like that while others are speaking.

a lost cause

قضية ميئوس منها
a hopeless case, a person or situation having no hope of positive change.
It seems that Charles will never listen to our advice. I suppose it's a lost cause.
The police searched for the missing girl for two weeks, but finally gave it up as a lost cause.
Children who have committed several crimes as teenagers and show no sorrow about their actions are generally lost causes.

above all
علاوة على ذلك
mainly, especially
Above all, don't mention the matter to Gerard; he's the last person we should tell.
Sheila does well in all her school subjects, but above all in mathematics. Her math scores are always over 95 percent.
to do without
يستغنى عن
survive or exist without something (also: to go without)
With prices so high now, I'll have to do without a new suit this year.
As a traveling salesperson, Monica can't do without a car.
It's a shame that so many poor people in the world have to go without basic necessities of life such as nutritious food and suitable ****ter.
according to
طبقا لـــ
in the order of; on the authority of
The students on the football team were ranked according to height, from shortest to tallest.
According to my dictionary, you are using that word in your essay incorrectly.
to be bound to

أصبح من المحتم
to be certain to, to be sure to
This idiom is used when the occurrence of an event seems inevitable or unavoidable.
We are bound to be late if you don't hurry up.
With the economy improving now, their business is bound to make more money this year.
for sure
دونما شك – بالتأكيد

without doubt (also: for certain)
In the dark, I couldn't tell for sure whether it was Polly or Sarah who drove by.
I now for certain that Gene will move back to Washington next month

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المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة جمانه ThanQ dear 4 ur useful topic^^

May Allah bless u^^


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